Religion makes the focal point
of existence for all Indians. Thus, religious places abound in the country. The
northern part of India especially is home to several small and big shrines.
North India saw the rise of Islam and Hinduism simultaneously which is why
there’s no dearth of temples as well as mosques in the northern part of India. Northern
India’s rich history and age-old traditions coupled with lofty spiritualism,
makes it a haven for all religiously inclined Indians. If you are in a mind to
explore North India, you must visit the religious sites listed below. Without
visiting these sites, your exploration will remain incomplete. Read on to learn
more:
The Chardhams namely,
Yamunotri, Gangotri, Kedarnath and Badrinath spread across the Garhwal
Himalayas of Uttarakhand and are dedicated to Goddess Yamuna, Goddess Ganga,
Lord Shiva or Kedar and Lord Vishnu or Badrinath respectively. Adi Guru
Shankaracharya, the great Hindu religious guru had established the concept of
Chardhams centuries back. Today devout pilgrims from every nook and corner of
the country make a beeline to the Chardhams to attain ‘Moksha’ or salvation.
The journey to the Chardhams is rigorous journey and you have to trek for miles
on a challenging, mountainous terrain. Those who find it difficult to trek
their way up to Uttarakhand Chardhams, can avail the Chardham helicopter yatra services for a more convenient, comfortable and
speedy journey.
The holy city of Ayodhya in
Uttar Pradesh is believed to be the place where Lord Rama; Lord Vishnu’s 7th
Avatar took his birth. Lord Rama is said to have spent a major part of his
childhood at this place. Ram bhakts from every part of the country and globe
visit the place to pay their tribute to Lord Rama. The chief attractions of
this place are Ram Janmabhoomi temple, Kanak Bhavan temple, Kala Ram temple,
Lakshman ghat. Visiting Ayodhya allows pilgrims to pick an overtly religious
experience.
This is a much revered Dargah
for the Muslims. Muslim pilgrims from every nook and corner of the country and
world visit the Dargah. It is a common belief among pilgrims that if one prays
sincerely at the Dargah, the wishes of the person are bound to get granted.
This is a Sufi shrine dedicated to khwaja Moinuddin Chishti, the great Sufi
saint known enough for his secular preaching. Visiting this Dargah is often
considered equal to going for a pilgrimage to Mecca. Moinuddin Chishti is often
believed to be Prophet Mohammad’s chosen one. He was instructed in dream by the
prophet to go to India and spread Islam.
Amarnath is a cave shrine in
the north Indian state of Jammu and Kashmir dedicated to Lord Shiva also known
as Amarnath ji. Lord Shiva is enshrined here in the form of an ice stalagmite
lingam. According to myths, Lord Shiva had narrated the secret of eternity or
Amar katha to his consort Parvati at this very place.
Golden temple, also known as
Harmandir Sahib or Darbar Sahib, is a famous Gurudwara in the whole of the
country and world. It is located in Punjab’s Amritsar city and came into being
in the year 1604 under the active initiative of Guru Arjan Singh; the fifth of
the Sikh gurus. The main shrine of the temple is made up pure, glittering gold
and stands amid a pellucid water tank named as ‘Amrit sarovar’. A causeway
connects the temple to the bank of the sarovar. The waters of the Amrit sarovar
is believed to possess great healing power as it is believed to be full of
divine nectar. The architectural beauty of the golden temple crafted in gold
and marble is simply mesmerizing. The temple stands as a golden symbol of
peace, spirituality and brotherhood.
The cave shrine of Shivkhori in
Jammu and Kashmir is dedicated to Lord Shiva. This 200 meters long natural cave
enshrines a self made image of the lord. Ransoo is the base camp for Shiv Khori
trek.
Har-ki-pauri of Hardiwar is an
important landmark of this ancient city steeped in mythological as well as
religious significance. Bathing at Har-ki-pauri bathing ghat is considered as a
ritualistic bath powerful enough to absolve one’s sins. As per myths, the two
important Gods of the holy trinity; lord Vishnu and lord Shiva are said to have
visited this place during the Vedic era. There are large foot prints on a stone
slab at Bhramakund of the Har-ki-pauri ghat and it is believed to be the
footprints of Lord Vishnu. King Vikramaditya is said to have constructed this
famous ghat long back. Every evening thousands of visitors gather at the ghat
to visualize the very enchanting Ganga Aarti.
Vaishno devi is a holy cave
shrine dedicated to Mata Vaishno Devi, lovingly referred to as Mata Rani by her
devotees. This is one among the 108 Shakti Peethas of Goddess Shakti or Durga.
One has to undertake a religious trek of 13kms uphill to reach the shrine which
is perched at an elevation of 1560m atop the Trikuta parvat ranges. The base
camp for Vaishnodevi trek is Katra in Jammu. Those who cannot undertake the trek
may avail the Helicopter yatra to Vaishnodevi. The Goddess is enshrined here in
the form of three pindis; i.e. Mahalaxmi, MahaSaraswati & Maha Kali. It is
believed that until and unless the Goddess calls you, you cannot reach the
bhavan of Mata Rani.
Hemkund Sahib is a much revered
Sikh pilgrimage destination high up in the Uttarakhand Himalayas. It falls in
Uttarakhand’s Chamoli district. The Gurudwara is perched at an elevation of
4329m above the sea level and is flanked by towering snow-capped peaks. As per
myths, this was the place where the great Sikh guru Govind Singh ji meditated
for years in his past life. The route to Hemkund Sahib is blessed with rare
scenic beauty.
The famous Dilwara temples in
Rajasthan’s Mount Abu are a cluster off 5 Jain Temples notable for their
intricate marble carvings. Vimal Shah was the builder of these temples known
enough for their architectural beauty and perfection. Visiting the Dilwara
temples is an experience in itself.
Yoga may not have the same calorie
burning effects of more intense exercises like running, swimming, and
cardio-dance routines, but don't let all that fool you. With its attention to
proper deep breathing exercises and sometimes-difficult poses held for as long
as 1 to 2 minutes, yoga for weight loss is very much a real thing— ask the many
doctors and personal trainers who vouch for it. It doesn't hurt that yoga also
places special attention on improving your state of mind and spirit, leading to
a healthier and better you.
Go for ‘Burning' Yoga
Not all yoga practices are the same,
which is why the amount of burned calories can range anywhere between 180 to
400 kcal an hour. The most strenuous forms of yoga are Vinyasa, Ashtanga, and
other forms of modified "power yoga," which blends strength
exercises, stretching for flexibility, and cardio.
A typical 90-minute Vinyasa class
should leave you drenched in sweat, as the deep breathing works your core,
flushing out toxins and water weight. Repeated upward-facing and
downward-facing dog poses will work your arms, with the effect similar to doing
push-ups.
But beyond the obvious physical and
fitness demands of yoga, there's a deeper benefit to the practice: you become
more aware of your body. You begin to develop an understanding of how your body
works, realize which poses you can and can' execute just yet, and see how
regular practice makes you better at yoga.
You also become more receptive to
your body's needs and even notice things like food that doesn't digest well, or
conversely, food that makes you feel good.
It’s a good habit to write down your
thoughts and ideas after yoga exersecises that improve our brain activity and
mental health too. Meanwhile, if you have some difficulties with writing task,
feel free to order anyquality custom paper from Essaylab.
And yet the interesting thing about
yoga is that not everyone will need the tougher classes to lose weight. Even
gentler yoga practices like Hatha yoga, with its emphasis on breathing,
strength, and flexibility, can jumpstart your body into weight-loss mode.
As you go about your daily, sometimes
stressful, routine, your body is in a heightened state of alert, with
high-octane hormones moving around your body. Yoga activates the
parasympathetic nervous system, which controls your hormones, digestion, and
breathing. This, in turn, brings your body down to a calmer state and resets
injury repair, normal metabolism, and balanced hormone generation—all of which
facilitates weight loss.
And again, yoga is about having an
awareness of your body, with its effects touching on both physiological and
psychological functions. Regularly practicing yoga heightens your sensitivity
to the body's signals, like hunger and food cravings. With regular yoga, you
begin to understand the difference between real hunger and cravings.
Think Long-Term
As with any other form of exercise and physical fitness routine, yoga's real results are most obvious when it's done over a long-term period. So anyone expecting to see weight loss results after just 4 to 5 classes is only setting themselves up for disappointment.
Research on long-term yoga practice
shows its ability to stop the middle-age spread. A recent study by the Fred
Hutchinson Cancer Research Center indicates that overweight individuals ages 45
to 55 who practiced yoga on a regular basis over ten years lost an average of 5
pounds—those who didn't gain 14 pounds.
Welcome to India! A melting pot of color, culture and
cuisine. From the eclectic displays of traditional wares in the market to the
delicious aromas drifting from the shops of local food vendors, India promises
an exotic experience that cannot be rivaled. Whether you are here for a week or
a month, you will never run out of 5 star restaurants that serve the best meals
as well as prime locations that offer a unique tourist experience. You can get
lost in the vibrant city life of Mumbai or enjoy the tranquility of the Silent
Valley in Kerala. Whatever your preference, India has something for you. Here’s
a list of our favorite spots.
Tourist India, Delhi,
Agra and Jaipur:it is not possible for you come to India without touching
base with the country’s tourism hot spots. From the famous Taj Mahal which is
also one of the most photographed spots to the Pink City which is named aptly
for the vibrant terracotta pink color of the buildings and finally to the
bazaars of Delhi where you can buy almost anything, tourist India offers a full
dose of India in all its glamour and glory. Also, you will be able to see lots
of Hinduism temples like popular Sai Baba Temple in a town Shirdi of Maharastra
State and you will be easily get hotels in Shirdi at best discounted rate on online website ClearTrip.com.
Southern India,
Mumbai, Goa and Kerala: If a holiday is not complete for you without a
beach then head for southern India where the sun meets the beach and creates a
magical experience. You may have to trade your grilled fish and chips for the
more traditional (and exquisitely delicious) bhelpuri but it is totally worth
the experience. You can choose the perfect beach spot from any of the southern
locations listed. Just grab your beach gear and you are ready to go.
Secret Gem,
Champawat: This is perfect for the traveler who is craving an idyllic
holiday. Think religious temples, mother nature and astonishing architectural
designs. Nestled deep in the mountainous region of Uttarakhand, this vacation
spot is preferred by tourist who want to experience the culture from a
spiritual angle. This is also great if you want to experience India without
running into a crowd of tourists. If you are worried that this might be a
snooze fest, perhaps the knowledge that Champawat is home to the ferocious
man-eating tigers might change that notion. You can visit the region anytime of
the year.
Northern India,
Manali, Rishikesh, Kullu valley: The ideal Indian destination for the
nomadic traveler, this region offers mountain hikes for the nature lovers and
amazing water rafting locations for the adrenaline junkie. If you wish to add
some spirituality to your trip (India is big o spirituality), you can visit the
popular pilgrim trail that leads to sacred mountain temples.
Magical India,
Pradesh, Rajasthan: experience the wildlife of India in their natural
habitats. From lions to rhinos to even tigers and if this sounds a little too
much for you, perhaps bird watching might be right up your alley. This region
has a wide variety of exotic birds that will leave you with Instagram pictures
to last for days. Camel riding across the deserts of Rajasthan should be on
your to do list.
India is a wonderful corner of the world where there are harmony and peace. Many dream to meet its wonders, to witness the exotic nature, unique culture and local customs. A lot of students, tired after long studies and a hustle and bustle of the city routine go to India to experience spiritual peace and sometimes to find their life-destination.You can not only restore your forces there butal so to improve health with the help of traditional medicine, as well as engage in dancing or yoga. This country is so versatile, that everyone will find something to their liking. During one trip it is impossible to see everything, so the visa to India for six months or a year will be a handy tool to explore the country.
1. Agra
Agra opens the list of the must-see places in India, it is here where the India's pearl is situated - Taj Mahal, which is not only a symbol of India, but one of the world's most famous attractions. The mausoleum of white marble, truly captures the hearts of travelers. This is a beautiful and romantic place that is associated with the embodiment of eternal love. Also, being here, you can not miss the RedFort and the Tomb of Akbar the Great.
2. Puducherry
The next resort that is definitely worth a visit especially for beach lovers. Puducherry is located in the southernpart of India, where there is always good weather.
This coastal town is famous for its long beaches and luxury hotels. This place is ideal for relaxation and visiting cozy restaurants with exotic cuisine. In addition, there are a lot of attractions that are worth visiting. Basically, these are the magnificent temples and churches. This place, thanks to its relaxed atmosphere, attracts many tourists every year.
This coastal town is famous for its long beaches and luxury hotels. This place is ideal for relaxation and visiting cozy restaurants with exotic cuisine. In addition, there are a lot of attractions that are worth visiting. Basically, these are the magnificent temples and churches. This place, thanks to its relaxed atmosphere, attracts many tourists every year.
3. Auroville
Tired of writing thousands of college papers the same way as the main character of the best-selling book was perplexed by her life? Then, go and have peace in Auroville.All fans of the life style of the film "Eat. Pray. Love." will be definitely happy going to such a place. It is a place created for the search of yourself, relaxation and oneness with nature. Surrounded by vast gardens, you can devote yourself to yoga and truly relax with all your heart. A final argument, which confirms the importance of this place is the Matrimandir - a building made of puregold. This miracle can not be foundany where else.
4. Darjeeling
Here from all over the world lovers of the Indian tea are coming by deluges. This area has got the main plantation Darjeeling. In addition, the city is covered with greenery all around and captures the travelers with its exotic flora. Nature lovers will be definitely attracted to this city.
5. Goa
This is perhaps one of the most famous resorts in India. Goa is a tropical paradise, created for a romantic getaway and spiritual harmony. Its beautifull and scapes are on the screens of many computers, because there is no a man who does not want to change the stuffy apartment on the sandy beaches and palm trees.
6. Mumbai
Mumbai or Bombay is the heart of India. Life here is in full swing, attracting more and more seekers of vivid impressions. The first thing that this place is famous for is the cinema. This is where you can get acquainted with the origins of Indian cinema. Moreover, the world's largest film company IMAX is also here. Also, you can see the life of the country from the inside, because in this city colonial and urban styles are interwoven. After visiting Mumbai, you will encounters lums near the luxury homes, become acquainted thus with different manifestations of life of the local population. Well, inaddition, good news for shoppers - most markets are huge in this part of the country. So, be sure to grab more money for souvenirs to your loved ones.
7. Kodaikanal lake
This place is ideal for lovers of active holidays. Kodailake means "gift of the forest." Probably due to the fact that it is located in the mountains of the Western Ghats, surrounded by water falls and lush greenery. It is a place created for skiing, horse back riding and biking or hiking.
8. Gingee
Gingee, infact, has been one of the vast variety of conventional villages of India until some point. And this point was the amazing structure of the 13th century. Climbing 900 steps, you can see the majestic fort Gingee. Its stone elevation will not leave in different any fan of old architecture. So do not forget to add this site to your must-see places when going to India.
9. Kerala
Thousands of travelers come to Kerala to enjoy a relaxing holiday on the beautifull a goons and lakes, intertwined on the coast of the Arabian Sea. There you can be accommodated in one of the small villages in the floating house and enjoy the extra ordinary beauty and originality of India to the fullest. One of the best entertainments in this part of the country is the water race at Kuttanadin Alappuzha area. A distinctive feature of the competition is the very means of transport, because there are approximately hundred of oarsmen in the same boat !
10. Simla
If you are going to India, we can not skip the Himalayas. After all, these mountains have settled in the hearts of many people long ago, even in those who have never seen them. In the north-western part is a small, but, a place worthy of attention - Simla. This center is not only a skiing one, but al so a trade center. Try going to some excursions of this resort that can offer you an exuberance of attractions! For example, a visit to the monkey temple, or one of the oldest churches of Christ in the north of India.
Yoga is becoming an increasingly popular health activity. Because of this popularity, many holiday locations are catering to the people's need for a quiet environment through yoga retreats. A yoga retreat can be a wonderful experience if you choose the location wisely. These yoga retreats are not for just fun, they include spiritual activities in which people are taught to connect with Mother Nature and perform yogic exercises to improve the overall physical and mental health. It is for this reason that you must consider spending your vacation in a good yoga retreat. Yoga retreats in India offers the best way to full relaxation. A good yoga retreat restores your stressed Body and mind. The following are top 5 yoga retreats in India that you must visit.
1. Art Of Living Ashram, Bangalore
This is a 65 acre campus, in Bangalore and is an international art of living center located on the Panchagiri Hills outside Bangalore. This is a great destination for those who seek peace and calm through yoga. This is the perfect location to calm your mind and body amidst the mountainside trails, organic farms, gardens and a lake that surround the facility. Guests here from all backgrounds are invited to participate voluntarily for the general maintenance of the ashram.
2. Shreyas Yoga Retreat
This is a luxury 25 acre yoga center in Bangalore. It is one of the world's luxuriest yoga retreat centers. It offers yoga classes, rejuvenation spa, meditation sessions, infinity pool and an organic vegetarian. This yoga retreat has attentive staff and provides excellent service.The pricing starts from $280 for a single garden tent.
3. Osho Meditation Resort
This 28 acre campus of Osho Meditation Resort is a calm and cool place of the world that invites people for relaxation and rejuvenation. This is close to the Mumbal Koregaon Park, Pune. This resort provides the inmate a feeling of luxury getaway and a traditional ashram experience too. It has meditation classes, swimming pool, lush and beautiful gardens, marble pathways etc. It costs $55 a night to stay here.
4. Yoga Vidya Spiritual Retreats
At this yoga retreat in Kerala, you can learn Ayurveda, hatha yoga and meditation too. Yoga here is taught by scholars and monks from different parts of the world. This center has many courses and retreats such as like art retreats and a teacher training program in yoga. Beginners in yoga can benefit from an immersion retreat which is a 10 day program. Advanced yoga learners can join the intensive de-tox retreat. The yoga immersion retreat for 10 days for beginners starts from $500.
5. Ananda In The Himalayas, Narendranagar
If you are looking for a luxury retreat in the Himalayas with some yoga and meditation then you must visit this yoga retreat. This yoga retreat teaches Bihar yoga. It offers classes in many meditation forms and "andshuddi kriyas", which is a yogic practice designed for the purification of the body and the mind. Apart from yoga guests can pamper themselves and relax at the spa. It is $342 per night here for a double room.
If you are planning to have your vacation spend on one of this yoga retreats. You need to visit India and for that you must have an Indian visa. All foreign nationals who wish to enter India are required to possess a valid national passport with a valid visa obtained from Indian high commission. All individual visa seekers can apply for the Indian Visa through online application.
Yoga has been associated with therapeutic, mental and emotional powers. Yoga is simply the definition of the body, mind affiliation. Recently, some scientific journal revealed that those who undergo reconstructive surgery and mastectomy after stage 1 breast cancer diagnosis finds relief with Yoga. Yoga is the ultimate solution to recovering from cancer. Yoga gives the recovering patients the tools to go through the emotional and physical pain and learn to breathe properly and live through. Whether it is through exercise or meditation, every cancer recovering patient needs some outlet. After surgery, most people suffer back and arm muscles issues, painful scar tissue and swelling. Yoga teaches people how to understand their body, know when to back off and know their strength.
How Yoga Works to Heal the Cancer Patients
Yoga healing process for the cancer patients is mostly diagnosed by experts. Every move, every healing process plays its own part.Yoga Postures
The yoga postures work on the internal body systems and organs for instance respiration, circulation, elimination and digestion. They also work on the lymphatic system and the nervous system, and yoga penetrates the ligaments, muscles and joints. Some of the yoga practices are not suitable for the ailing, but the experts can guide on less physically demanding and simpler postures. The postures should be able to allow free flow of blood, removes all the blockages that prevent the energy flow increasing the body energy levels. Yoga postures teach the recovering patients to learn how to keep up with some minor pains resulting from sitting down too much and from bad postures.Breathing Exercises
The breathing exercises aid in releasing the tension and helps the patient replenish lost energy. Restricted, shallow breathing leads to depression, tiredness and physical illness. Deep, rhythmic and relaxed breathing where the lungs get fully utilized is revitalizing and energizing which gives the body the power to overcome illness. The yoga simple stretching and breathing exercises will enhance efficiency and elasticity of the intercostal and diaphragm muscles. This way they replace the weak breathing habits.Learning to breath equips people with the power to deal with strong emotions which originated from a cancer diagnosis. Breathing effectively fights of despair, panic, and grief.
Meditation
Meditation does not mean emptying the mind. It means calming the emotions, giving the patients the opportunity to learn how their emotions work and hence gains control over them. Through meditation, the sick get to learn the life realities and easily accept them. Being acknowledgeable and working with the emotions in the daily lives strengthens people. Understanding how own mind works, facing the reality and letting go of the fears reduces stress. Meditation is a therapeutic procedure cleansing the emotional level, providing the energy required for spiritual growth.Relaxation
Relaxation is the most critical part of the cancer recovery process through yoga. Relaxation assist removes the stress that hurts the immune system. Through relaxation, the body muscles get rid of with the tension, the blood and heart rates drop, and mental and breathing activity declines and as a result the anxiety and tension start to dissolve. The mind and the body surrenders and allows the peace and stillness of deep relaxation to take charge.Therefore, Yoga is a very powerful tool in the speedy recovery of the cancer.
The presence of two paintings from the
same series in the Green collection provides an opportunity for viewers to
study the stylistic and compositional relationships between illustrations of
different ragas/raginis within a given Ragamala set. The present comparison is
especially instructive, for the careful observer will discern that the two
paintings, although clearly from the same series, were in fact painted by two
different artists. The major comparable features of the two include the
visually dominant expanses of white architecture and the division of the
paintings into four registers, composed of a row of niches with flowering
plants and parrots along the bottom, the figures and palatial setting in the
middle, the lines of trees in the penultimate register, and the lengthy poetic
passages, written in the same hand, in the yellow panel at the top.
Closer scrutiny of the two paintings,
however, reveals innumerable minute differences in detail. The treatment of the
pink lotus petals covering the surface of the architectural domes differs
considerably between the two: the dome of painting A has petals radiating
outward in a lively arrangement, but those of painting a lie in stiff
horizontal rows. The detailing in ink of the architecture, intended to represent
carved marble forms, is much finer and more complex in painting A than in B.
The vegetal and floral forms are related but differ in botanical structure and
array, with those of painting A generally more boldly portrayed. Figures and
animals are more supple and naturalistic in painting A. Given these variances
in detail and execution, painting A seems more accomplished than B and, by
extension, so was its painter. For other paintings from this series, see Pal
1978, pp. 114-15, no. 34 (Panchama Ragini); Pal 1981, p. 58, no. 47 (Kanhra
Ragini); and Sotheby's 1996, lot 186 (Malkos Raga). An additional unpublished
illustration of Mcgha-Mallar Raga from this series is in the Los Angeles County
Museum of Art.
A.) This
painting is identified and described by the text in its upper panel as
representing Kedar Ragini, who is described as a love-torn, emaciated woman
wearing earrings, smeared with ashes as an ascetic, and playing a vina. The
ragini, a wife of Hindola Raga, is an early night melody characterized by
tenderness and believed to possess magical healing properties. In the
Rajasthani tradition Kedar Ragini is portrayed as a night scene with an ascetic
either playing or holding a vina or listening to a musician playing the
instrument. Surprisingly, the ascetic in this illustration is shown holding a
tambura rather "than a vina, while both instruments are being played by
two female musicians. In the sky above the trees an antelope pulls a celestial
chariot bearing a crescent moon, a symbol of Siva, the arch-ascetic of Indian
culture.
B.)
Here the text in the upper panel identities the heroine as Desakhya
Ragini, a wife of Sri Raga, and describes her as a lovely woman wearing a sari
in Marathi fashion and performing an acrobatic movement on the upright pillar.
Desakhya Ragini is a late morning melody stressing the heroic sentiment.
Depictions of the ragini in the Rajasthani tradition feature a group of
acrobats performing feats of strength and coordination. Occasionally, as shown
here, women athletes are shown in place of their male counterparts in order to
reconcile the traditionally male quality of physical prowess with the feminine
gender of the melody.
Writer
Name:- Pratapaditya Pal
Punyaki Ragini
On the reverse of this painting are
inscribed in the Takri and Devanagari scripts, respectively, Punyaki Ragini and
Purvi Ragini. Analysis of the painting's iconography resolves the disparity and
corroborates the former identification. Both inscriptions label it correctly as
the wife of Bhairava Raga, number 4. Punyaki Ragini is a wife of Bhairava Raga
according to the Kshemakarna system, in which the melody is compared to the
.sound of rushing water. The term punya means the earning of religious merit
through charity. Consequently, as Indian religious ceremonies often involve the
pouring of consecrated water over a holy man's hands, representations of
Punyaki Ragini frequently portray the ablution of a mendicant's hands by the
lady of a house or palace.
This illustration of Punyaki Ragini
differs in that the lady is shown giving alms in the form of coins to a Saiva
mendicant rather than pouring water over his hands. Nevertheless, the
underlying rationale is the same, as it is still a meritorious act that is
being stressed in the painting. Indeed, other iconographic variations are
known, including the offering to the mendicant of a piece of jewelry or even a
sheaf of barley.
Ragamalas were a particularly popular
subject in Bilaspur painting between 1650 and 1780, a period coinciding with
the political and cultural zenith of the court. At least twenty-one Ragamala
sets were produced by the workshops of Bilaspur. Out of these sets, two other
representations of Punyaki Ragini are known to have survived: one from about
1690-95 and the other from about 1750. The three examples differ somewhat in
composition and expression, with the example of about 1690-95 and the present
painting being the closest in style. A number of Bilaspur stylistic features
are common to these two paintings, including a long spiraling lock of hair in
place of a sideburn for the mendicants, somewhat short figures, substantial
depictions of brickwork, and a distinctive, sultry palette.
Harsha Ragaputra
In the upper border are rather indistinct
Takri and Devanagari inscriptions that both identify the painting as Harsha
Ragaputra, a son of Bhairava Raga. Kshemakarna's classification likens the
melody to the sound of running water and pictures the hero as an impetuous,
fair-skinned adolescent wearing a blue garment and a pearl necklace. The name
Harsha means rapture, especially that of a sexual nature. Pahari paintings of
the melody apparently take their inspiration from the description of the
personified hero and the lustful connotations of the name. They typically
portray the young hero seated or standing with a woman, usually in a bedchamber.
Often the couple are shown enjoying betel nut.
This representation of Harsha Ragaputra
generally accords with the above iconographic description. A hero and heroine
are seated in a pavilion bedchamber. He wears a long strand of pearls and
rubies over his shoulder and a blue-striped purple garment, thus basically
agreeing with his prescribed adornment and garb. In place of sharing betel-nut
delicacies, however, the couple is shown gesticulating dramatically, and each
figure inexplicably holds a handkerchief. Another unusual feature of this
painting and the series to which it belongs, common to "only a few early
Pahari ragamalas", is that within the set the colors of the borders and
the backgrounds are coordinated for each raga's family. Hence, for this series
of the Bhairava family the borders are yellow and within them the backgrounds
are flaming orange.
This painting is from an important
Basohli series known generally as the Tandan Ragamala after the name of the
author who first published it. The set once belonged to the family of the
former court astrologer of Basohli. With sixty-five extant folios, it is the
most extensive of the early Pahari Ragamalas known to have survived. The
paintings were executed during the reign of Dhiraj Pal, who was a scholar and
patron of the arts. It has been dated to about 1700 by Tandan and to about
1707-15 by Khandalavala, either of which would place it in the middle of the
four other known Basohli Ragamalas ranging in date from about 1675 to about
1720. Stylistically, the present painting exhibits a number of characteristic
Basohli motifs and features. The most significant of these are the brilliant
palette, the distinctive elongated facial types with sloped foreheads, the
single tall cypress tree, the presence of small sections of iridescent beetle
thorax casing used to imitate emeralds, and the distinctive bejeweled golden
pendant worn by the hero, which is found only in Basohli portraits.
Madhu Ragaputra
The Takri inscription in the border above
this painting states it to be Madhu Ragaputra, a son of Bhairava Raga.
According to Kshemakarna, whose verse 20 describes the personification of the
melody, the protagonist is a handsome and knowledgeable man dressed in red
garments. In contrast, however, most Pahari representations of the melody,
including the present example, show a hero fondling his beloved's breasts.
Alternatively, the couple are depicted as drinking, with or without-a female
attendant.
This Chamba painting of about 1715 exhibits
strong stylistic influence from contemporary Basohli works. Figural and facial
types are similar, and coloration schemes of deep intense hues and
monochromatic backgrounds are analogous. In contrast, in contemporary Chamba
painting figures are generally somewhat less stylized, drapery and fauna
conventions differ, the palette is generally more subdued, and small sections
of beetle thorax casing arc never used for decoration as they are in the
Basohli tradition. The Ragamala set of which this painting was once a part
originally belonged to the Chamba royal family. It is now in the Bhuri Singh
Museum of Chamba except for some twelve dispersed pages. At least three other
Ragamala sets, all later than that of the present work, were also painted by
the Chamba ateliers.
Writer
Name:- Pratapaditya Pal
Lanka Restored
The battle was over. Ravana's huge body
lay sprawled on the ground, covered in blood and surrounded by the gruesome
aftermath of war, charred and mutilated remains covering the field as far as
the eye could see. At his side knelt Vibhisana, with Rama standing behind him.
'O great hero,' mourned Vibhisana, 'why
are you lying here, my brother, rather than on the sumptuous bed that you are
used to? You did not take my advice. Now that you have fallen, the city of
Lanka and all her people are reduced to ruin.'
'Do not lament,' said Rama. 'He
terrorized the universe, even Indra himself. Sooner or later he had to die, and
he chose to die the glorious death of a. warrior.'
'He was generous to his friends and
ruthless to his enemies,' said Vibhisana, 'and religious according to his own
tradition he chanted the Vedic hymns and kept a sacred fire burning in his
home.'
'Now you must consider how to perform his
funeral rites,' said Rama.
'He was my older brother, but he was also
my enemy and lost my respect. He was cruel and deceitful, and violated other
mens' wives. I do not know if he deserves a proper cremation,' confessed
Vibhisana.
'He was immoral and untruthful, after the
nature of a rakshasa,' replied Rama, 'but he was gifted and brave. Cremate him
with respect and let enmity end with death.'
Then came Ravana's wives, braving the
horrors of the battlefield to be at their husband's side. They threw themselves
around him, sobbing and stroking his head.
'If only you had heeded Vibhisana and
returned Sita to Rama,' they cried, 'none of this would have happened and we
would be spared the curse of becoming widows.'
How could you, who conquered heaven, be
overcome by a man wandering in the forest?' spoke Mandodari, Ravana's chief
queen. 'The only explanation is that Vishnu, the Great Spirit and eternal
sustainer of the worlds, took human form as Rama to finish your life. Sita was
the cause of your downfall. The moment you touched her your end was assured.
The only reason the gods did not strike you down was because they feared you,
but your actions still brought the fruits they deserved. One who does good
gains happiness and the sinner reaps misery; no one can escape this law. ,
'You were advised by me, Maricha,
Vibhisana, your brother Kumbhakarna, and my father, but you ignored us all.'
Mandodari wept on Ravana's breast and her fellow wives tried to console her.
Meanwhile Rama sent Vibhisana into the
ruined city of Lanka to make the funeral arrangements and perform the closing
rites for Ravana's sacred fire. Soon he returned with the sacred embers,
articles of worship and firewood for the pyre carried by rakshasa priests and
attendants. They decorated Ravana's linen shroud with flowers and carried his
body in procession to the beach, preceded by the sacred fires and followed by
weeping rakshasa women.
Vibhisana ignited the pyre while the
remaining family members threw rice grains into the flames. Vedic hymns were
intoned as the mourners looked on in silence.
When all was finished they returned to
the city. His anger exhausted, Rama put away his weapons. A deep joy welled in
his heart and his gentle demeanor returned.
Sita's Ordeal by Fire
With Ravana out of the way, Rama's
thoughts turned to Sita. He called Hanuman and asked him to take her the news
of Ravana's death. He came to the ashok grove and found her as before, unwashed
and uncared for with tears in her eyes, seated on the ground beneath the tree
guarded by demon women. He stood respectfully at a distance to deliver his
message.
'Lord Rama is safe and well, and has
killed Ravana. He sends you this message: "After many sleepless months I
have bridged the sea and fulfilled my vow to win you back. You now need have no
fear as you are in the hands of Vibhisana, the new king of Lanka, who will soon
come to see you". Sita was speechless with joy to hear this news and
waited for more. But Hanuman remained silent.
'This news is more valuable than all the
gold and jewels in the universe,' she laughed, 'and you have delivered it in
such sweet words. I cannot repay you enough.'
'If you will permit me, I can deal
swiftly with these cruel rakshasa women,' offered Hanuman, eager to be of
service. 'They have so mistreated you. Let me kill them now with my bare
hands.'
'You must not be angry with them,'
reproved Sita. 'They have only done what they were ordered to do. Whatever I
have suffered is due to my own sins, not to them. When others mistreat me, I
will not mistreat them in return. I will show compassion to all, even if they
are unrepentant murderers.' Hanuman checked himself.
'Then have you any message for your
husband?' he asked.
'Tell him I long to see him!'
'You shall see him this very day.' With
these words Hanuman swiftly flew back to Rama with Sita's message, and urged
him to go to her at once to end her misery. Rama sighed deeply in an effort to
hold back his tears. After a moment he turned to Vibhisana.
'Go quickly and fetch Sita. Before
bringing her here see that she is bathed, dressed in fresh clothes, and adorned
as befits a queen.'
Sita waited in the grove, expecting Rama,
but instead she saw the ladies of Vibhisana's household who came to bring her
to his house, where Vibhisana told her to bathe and dress in preparation for
meeting Rama.
'I want to see my husband now, as I am,'
she protested, but Vibhisana prevailed on her to do Rama's bidding. The ladies
helped her bathe and combed out her tangled hair, dressed her in fine clothes
and ornaments and placed her inside a palanquin, covered so that no one could
see her. Soon she was brought by a company of rakshasas to Rama's presence.'
During this time Rama remained deep in
thought, considering how to welcome Sita. The strict codes of the royal house
of Iksvaku demanded that a princess violated by an . enemy must be rejected by
her husband. Sita had been Ravana's prisoner for eleven months. Who knows what
that immoral demon might have subjected her to? Rama trusted Sita completely,
but he was determined that she must be publicly exonerated from any
impropriety. He knew what he must do.
What happened next is painful to recount.
Monkeys and rakshasas crowded forward on
all sides, anxious for a glimpse of the fabled princess. Vibhisana, hoping to
protect Sita from the public, told her to wait in her palanquin, but Rama
wanted her brought out in the open.
'These are my people and they want to see
her,' he spoke sternly. 'At a time like this there are no secrets, even for
royal princesses. Bring her here in front of everyone.'
Vibhisana was uncomfortable with this
order, but dared not contradict him. Sita had to suffer the indignity of
walking in front of thousands of curious eyes on her way to Rama. She reached
him and stood at a respectful distance, her head bowed, and shyly looked into
his face. As she gazed into his eyes her discomfort was forgotten for the
moment and she glowed with happiness.
'I have won you back according to my
vow,' announced Rama. 'The insult against me has been avenged, and its
perpetrator repaid for his terrible offence against you. I am once more my own
master. All this has been done with the help of Hanuman, Sugriva and Vibhisana,
to whom I am indebted.'
Rama spoke without emotion, but his voice
sounded strange as it rang out across the crowd. His heart bled for Sita, but
he must not show it. She looked upon her lord, with tears falling down her
cheeks, and dreaded what he might say next.
'I have redeemed my honour and won you
back,' he went on, 'but I did not do this for your sake, fair princess, I did
it for the sake of my honour and for the good name of the royal house of
Iksvaku. Your honour is not so easy to redeem, since you have lived in the
house of a demon who has embraced you in his arms and made you the object of
his lust. You are "so desirable, Ravana could not have resisted you for
long. I therefore relinquish my attachment to you. You are free to go wherever
you please. If you like you can go with Lakshmana, or Bharata, or even Sugriva
or the rakshasa Vibhisana. Do as you please.'
A shocked silence fell over the assembly.
Sita tried to rake in what she had just heard. She had never in her life
received a cross word from her husband. Now he had condemned her in public with
these awful words. For her this was worse than death. She bowed her head in
shame before this crowd of strangers and cried uncontrollably as Rama waited in
stern silence for her response. After a little while she wiped her eyes and
stood straight, her face pale and her voice trembling.
'You speak hurtful words, my lord, as if
I were a common prostitute, but I am not what you take me for. I am daughter of
the earth, who was seized against my will by force. If you were to reject me it
would have been better if you had told me through Hanuman when he first came.
Then I would have put an end to my life and saved you the trouble of coming
here to kill Ravana, endangering the lives of all these innocent people. You
forget that when I was a child you took my hand and promised me your protection
and that I have served you faithfully ever since. My heart has always remained
fixed on you, but now you of all people do not trust me. What am I to do?'
Sita's voice broke with emotion. She turned to speak to Lakshmana.
'I have no desire to live when I have
been falsely accused and publicly rejected by my husband. Death is my only course.
Prepare a pyre for me I will enter the flames.'
Stunned at this request, Lakshmana looked
at his brother. Rama nodded his assent. No one dared to contradict him, whose
anger seemed capable of destroying the universe. Lakshmana mechanically went about
his brother's bidding, and before long a funeral pyre had been built and set
alight. The fire began to crackle. Sita circled around Rama in respect and
proceeded towards the pyre. Standing before the blazing flames she called in a
loud voice:
'May all the gods be my witness. I have
never been unfaithful to Rama in thought, word or deed. If the Fire god knows
me to be innocent, let him protect me from these flames.' Then she walked into
the fire. As she entered the flames the crowd gasped in horror. The flames
leapt high and parted over her head as she stepped among them, swallowing her
golden form. For a moment she could be seen standing in the midst of the flames
like a dazzling flame of gold, then she was lost to sight. Women screamed and
fainted. A great cry, strange and terrible to hear, went up from all the
monkeys; bears and rakshasas present. Rama sat immobile like one who has lost
his life, and tears flooded his eyes.
As the incarnation of Vishnu, Rama had
accomplished all the gods had asked of him. But the gods heard Sita's cry for
help and were troubled at her ordeal. It was time for them to intervene. The
creator Brahma, Shiva the destroyer, Indra the king of heaven, and others all
boarded their aerial cars and flew down to earth, where they appeared shining
in front of Rama and spoke to him.
'Have you forgotten who you are and who
Sita is? You are the source of creation, the beginning, middle and end of all
that exists. And yet you treat Sita as an ordinary fallen woman.'
'I am a human being. My name is Rama, son
of Dasaratha, and Sita is my human wife. Who do you say I am?'
'You are the supreme Lord Vishnu and Sita
is your eternal consort, the goddess Lakshmi,' declared Brahma. 'You are
Krishna. You are the Cosmic Person, the source of all, creator of Indra and the
gods, and the support of the entire creation. No one knows your origin or who
you are, yet you know all living beings. You are worshipped in the form of the
Vedic hymns and the mystic syllable om, and night and day are the opening and
closing of your eyes.
'At our request you took human form to
put an end to Ravana. Now you have accomplished this, and your devotees who
praise you will be blessed for evermore.'
Then the Fire god, Agni, rose up out of
the flames of the funeral pyre bearing Sita in his arms. She was unharmed by
the fire and her clothes and ornaments, even the flowers decorating her hair,
were exactly as before. Agni brought her to Rama.
'Here is your wife Sita who is without
sin. She has never been unfaithful to you, in thought, word or deed. I command
you to treat her gently.'
'This ordeal for Sita was necessary,'
Rama explained, 'I had to absolve her from any blame and to preserve the good
name of the Iksvaku race. I know she has always been faithful, but I had to
prove her innocence. In truth I could not be separated from Sita any more than
the sun can part from its own rays. But I thank you and accept, without
reservation, your words of advice.' With these words, Sita and Rama were
re-united. Then there was a further surprise.
'You have rid the world of the curse' of
Ravana,' said Lord Shiva. 'Now you have one thing more to do before you return
to heaven. You must bring comfort to your mother and brothers and prosperity to
Ayodhya. Greet your deceased father, whom I have brought from heaven to see
you.'
Rama and Lakshmana bowed in wonder as
Dasaratha descended in their midst, his celestial form shining. Reaching the
ground he took them in his arms.
'I am so pleased for you, dear boy,' he
said to Rama, 'and at what you have achieved. You have set my mind at rest,
which has long been haunted by Kaikeyi's words, and you have redeemed my soul.
I now recognize you to be the Supreme Person in the guise of my son. Now you
have completed fourteen years in exile, please return to Ayodhya and take up
the throne.'
Turning to Lakshmana, he said, 'Your
service to Rama and Sita has brought Rama success, the world happiness, and
will bring you its own reward. I am deeply pleased with you, my son.' Then he
spoke to Sita.
'My daughter, please forgive Rama, who
was inspired only by the highest motive. You have shown your purity and courage
by entering the flames, and you will be revered henceforth as unequalled among
chaste women.' With those words, Dasaratha ascended, to heaven. It now remained
for Indra to grant Rama one last wish.
'We are all pleased with your actions,
Rama, and would like to grant you a boon. What is your wish?'
Rama was unhesitating. 'May all these
monkeys and bears, who have sacrificed their lives for me, be brought back to
life and returned to their wives and families.'
'It shall be done,' declared Indra. Then
the monkeys and bears rose up, their limbs restored and their injuries healed,
as if from a long and peaceful sleep. 'You may return to your homes,'
pronounced the assembled gods. 'And Rama — be kind to the noble princess Sita.
Make haste to Ayodhya, where your brother Bharata awaits you.' Then they
boarded their golden aerial cars and departed for the heavens.
Homecoming
Vibhisana invited Rama to take his bath
and put on royal robes and ornaments.
'I cannot bathe until I have been reunited
with Bharata,' said Rama. 'For the last fourteen years he has lived as an
ascetic for my sake. Now I must hurry to him. If you would please me, help me
to get to Ayodhya as soon as possible.'
'That is easily done,' replied Vibhisana.
'The fabulous Puspaka airplane will fly you there by sunset. But first remain
here a while and let me entertain you and your army.'
'I would not refuse you, Vibhisana, after
you have done so much for me, but I long to see Bharata and my mother.'
Vibhisana summoned the airplane which
arrived instantly, gleaming with its golden domes. Rama took the shy Sita in
his arms and boarded the plane with Lakshmana.
'Settle peacefully in your kingdoms,' he
told Sugriva, Vibhisana and their ministers. 'You have both served me well. I
must return.' But they were not ready to part.
'Let us come to Ayodhya and see you
crowned,' they protested. 'Only then will we return to our homes.' Rama happily
agreed and invited them aboard with all their followers. Miraculously there was
enough room aboard the airplane for everyone. When all was ready, the Puspaka
ascended effortlessly into the sky amid great excitement. Rama took Sita to a
balcony and they looked down at the island of Lanka.
'See, princess, the city of Lanka and
outside it the bloody field of battle. Here, at Setubandha, is where we built
the bridge across the sea and I received the blessings of Lord Shiva. Now you
see Kiskindha, Sugriva's capital where I killed Vali.' As they approached
Kiskindha, Sita made a request.
'Let me invite the wives of the monkeys
to come with us to Ayodhya.' It was done. The airplane touched down and took
aboard thousands before proceeding on its way.
'Now see Mount Rishyamukha, where I spent
the rainy season in sorrow and where we first met Hanuman and Sugriva. And here
is that enchanting place where we lived in our cottage and where you were
carried away by Ravana, and over there is the place where the brave Jatayu
died. Here are the ashrams of Agastya, Sutikishna and Sarabanga, and here is
where you met the noble Anasuya, wife of Atri. Here is Chitrakoot, the most
beautiful of hills, where Bharata found us.'
They stopped overnight at Bharadvaja's
ashram and Rama sent Hanuman ahead with messages for Bharata. He was worried
that Bharata might resent having to give up the kingdom to his brother. He need
not have feared. Hanuman arrived at the village of Nandigram, outside Ayodhya,
and found Bharata living as Rama had lived during his exile, dressed in
deerskin, with Rama's wooden shoes occupying the central position in his court.
When he heard of Rama's return he jumped for joy and hugged Hanuman, showering
him with gifts.
The next morning Bharata led everyone out
to meet Rama, with Rama's sandals at the head of the procession. A great cry
went up when the people saw Lord Rama seated in the Puspaka airplane as it
slowly descended. Rama came forward and took Bharata in his arms. Bharata
hugged Lakshmana and greeted Sita, then he embraced one by one all the leading
monkeys. Rama tearfully clasped the feet of his mother and offered his respects
to the sage Vasistha. Bharata then placed his shoes back on his feet.
'I return to you your kingdom which I
have held in trust for you,' said Bharata with emotion. 'By your grace all has
flourished and my life is now fulfilled.' Again Rama hugged Bharata, while many
of the monkeys, and even Vibhisana, shed a tear.
Rama was placed in the hands of barbers
who shaved his beard and untangled his matted locks. Then he and Sita were
bathed and dressed in royal finery. Sumantra brought up Rama's royal chariot
and in grand procession entered Ayodhya, with Bharata at the reins and his
brothers fanning him. Sugriva and the monkeys were welcomed into the heart of
Ayodhya where Rama gave them the freedom of his royal palace and gardens.
For Rama's coronation, monkeys were sent
by Sugriva to collect water from the four seas, east, south, west and north,
and from five hundred rivers. Vasistha conducted the ceremony, bathing Rama
with the sacred waters and installing Sita and Rama on the throne. Rama
distributed gifts to all his people."
Sita looked kindly on Hanuman, unclasping
her pearl necklace. She hesitated, looking shyly at her husband. Rama
understood. 'Give it to the one who has pleased you best,' he said, and she
placed it around Hanuman's neck.
During Rama's rule there was no hunger,
crime or disease. People lived long, the earth was abundant, society prospered
and all were dedicated to truth. For his people, Rama was everything and he
ruled them for eleven thousand years.
Whoever daily hears this Ramayana,
composed in ancient times by Valmiki, is freed from all sins. Those who hear
without anger the tale of Rama's victory will overcome all difficulties and
attain long life, and those away from home will be re-united with their loved
ones. Rama is none other than the original Lord Vishnu, source of all the
worlds, and Lakshmana is his eternal support.
Epilogue
'My Lord, please grant my request,'
submitted Hanuman. 'Let me always be devoted to you and no one else, and let me
live as long as your story is remembered on earth.'
Rama hugged Hanuman and granted his wish,
saying, 'Your fame and your life will last as long as My story is repeated,
which will be until the end of the world.'
After Rama's guests had gone he spent
many happy days roaming with Sita in the royal pleasure groves. In this way
nearly two years passed. One day Sita appeared more beautiful than usual, and
Rama knew that she was pregnant.
'My dearest Sita, you are going to have a
child. Is there anything you wish?'
'I would dearly like to visit the ashrams
across the Ganges, and stay one more night with those sages eating only roots
and fruits.'
'Please rest tonight and tomorrow I will
arrange it,' promised Rama.
That evening he sat as usual with his
friends and chanced to ask them for the gossip among the people of Ayodhya
concerning their king and queen.
'They praise you and your victory over
Ravana,' came the reply.
'Do they say nothing against me?' Rama
inquired. 'You may speak without fear.'
One of them admitted that men all over
his kingdom spoke ill of his relationship with Sita. They said that since Rama
had accepted Sita back after she had been touched by Ravana, they would now
have to tolerate unfaithfulness from their own wives, because whatever the king
does his subjects will follow. When he heard this Rama was astonished and
turned to his other friends.
Is this so?' he asked in dismay.
One by one they nodded, 'It is true, my
lord.' Dumbfounded and full of grief, Rama dismissed them and sat deep in
thought. After a while he sent for his three brothers. They arrived to find him
crying. They bowed and waited for him to speak.
'In times of trouble you three are my
life,' he began. 'Now I need your help and support more than ever.' He paused
while they waited anxiously.
I have just been informed that my Sita is
not approved by the people they think her unchaste. This is despite the trial I
subjected her to in Lanka, where the gods themselves testified to her purity. I
know her to be pure, yet dishonor, for a king, is worse than any other fault. I
would rather die than fail to uphold honour.
'Therefore my mind is made up. Sita has
told me she wants to visit the ashrams on the other side of the Ganges.
Lakshmana, tomorrow you must take her there and leave her in the care of the
sage Valmiki. Please don't try to dissuade me from this.' With a heavy heart,
Rama took leave of his brothers and spent the night in sorrow.
In the morning Lakshmana set off with
Sita in his chariot, driven by Sumantra, on the two-day journey to the Ganges.
On the way Sita noticed strange symptoms.
'How is it, Lakshmana, that my right eye
throbs and my limbs shiver? My heart beats faster as though I were distressed.
Is all well?'
'All is well, my lady,' Lakshmana said.
But when they reached the Ganges he sat down by the river and sobbed.
'Why are you crying, Lakshmana?' asked
Sita. `Do you miss Rama? Come, let us cross the Ganges now, and after one night
we will return to see him.'
Lakshmana checked his tears and together
they boarded a boat. Once they reached the other side and got out of the boat
Lakshmana broke down.
'My heart is pierced by an arrow. I have
been entrusted to carry out an awful deed for which I will be hated for ever. I
would rather die!'
Sita was alarmed. 'What is it, Lakshmana?
It seems you are not well, and neither was Rama when I said goodbye to him. Do
tell me what is wrong.'
'Rama has heard unpleasant rumours,'
Lakshmana stammered. 'It seems the people think you unchaste. In great pain he
has ordered me to leave you here at Valmiki's ashram, although he knows you to
be blameless. Valmiki was a close friend of our father and will care for you.
Please stay here peacefully and hold Rama always in your heart.
Sita fell unconscious on the ground.
'This body of mine was created only for
sorrow,' she wept. 'What sin have I com-mitted that I should be made to suffer
like this? If! were not bearing Rama's child I would drown myself in the
Ganges.
'Do as the king has ordered, Lakshmana,'
she went on. 'Leave me here. Please wish my mother’s well, and give this
message to Rama: "You know I am pure, and will always remain devoted to
you. To save you from dishonor I make this sacrifice. Please treat all your
citizens as you would your brothers, and bear yourself with honour, then these
false rumours will be disproved. You, my husband, are dearer to me than my
life." Now look at me one last time, Lakshmana, and depart.'
'I will not look at your beauty now,
lady, since all my life I have looked only on your feet,' said Lakshmana
through his tears. He bowed his head at her feet and boarded the boat. Without
looking back he urged the boatman on.
Sita remained crying by the riverside.
Her cries were heard by the young ascetics of Valmiki's ashram and they brought
the news to him. He gently brought her into his ashram, reassuring her that she
need have no fear. Lakshmana, from across the river, saw her taken in and
returned to Ayodhya.
Valmiki knew Sita was blameless and that
she carried Rama's child. He took her to the women ascetics who lived nearby as
his disciples, and instructed them to care for her as their own child. There
Sita lived in peace and bore twin sons named Kusa and Lava. In time, Valmiki
taught them his poem describing their father's deeds, Ramayana.
With help from Lakshmana, Rama learned to
live with his sorrow after the loss of Sita, and found consolation in caring
for his people. But he kept her always in his heart. Twelve years passed and
Ayodhya prospered. To ensure the continued well-being of the kingdom, Rama
decided to perform the exalted asvamedha ceremony, as had his father before his
birth. When all was ready, the sage Valmiki arrived with Kusa and Lava and told
them to recite Ramayana as he had taught them.
Kusa and Lava were asked to sing their
tale for the king, and all present noticed their striking resemblance to Rama.
After several days of recital the story revealed them to be the sons of Sita.
When Rama understood this his heart troubled him. He sent word to Valmiki
inviting him to bring Sita to Ayodhya, if she so agreed, to declare her
chastity and exonerate her name.
Valmiki gave his approval and brought
Sita to a great gathering in the presence of Rama. He stood in front of the
people and spoke.
'Your majesty, Sita has lived under my
care since you abandoned her. Now she has come to proclaim her honour. I,
Valmiki, who never spoke a lie, declare these twin sons of hers to be your sons
and Sita to be without sin.'
'Honorable sage,' said Rama, 'I have
always known that Sita is pure and I acknowledge these two boys as my sons. The
gods themselves vouched for Sita's purity. Nonetheless, the people did not
trust her, therefore I sent her away, although I knew her to be sinless. I beg
her forgiveness.'
Sita advanced into the middle of the
assembly. In full view of all, with her eyes cast downwards, she made a vow.
'If I have always been faithful to Rama,
in mind, word and deed, may Mother Earth embrace me. If I know only Rama as my
worshipful lord, let her take me now.'
At that moment the Earth goddess rose
from the earth on a beautiful throne. She took Sita in her arms and sat her on
the throne, then withdrew with her into the earth. Petals fell from the sky and
cries of adoration echoed from the gods.
Rama sank back in tears. He raged at the
earth to return Sita, threatening to break down her mountains and over flood
her surface. It was necessary for Brahma to appear before Rama and pacify him
by reminding him that, as Vishnu, he would be reunited with Sita in heaven.
Rama mastered his grief. He returned to
ruling his 4 kingdom and caring for his people. In time, he installed his sons
and his brother's sons as rulers. Eleven thousand years passed by.
One day a strange figure appeared at his
door. It was Death personified, sent with a message from Brahma. The message
said, 'You are the eternal Vishnu who sleeps on the causal ocean. In ancient
times I, the creator, was born from you. In order to kill Ravana, you entered
the world of humans and fixed your stay for eleven thousand years. That time is
now complete. Please return to protect the gods.'
Rama set off for the banks of the Sarayu
river, taking with him his brothers and all who were devoted to him. Ayodhya
was without a living soul. Only Hanuman, Vibhisana and Jambavan remained on
earth. Entering the waters of the Sarayu with his devoted followers, Rama left
this world and returned to his eternal realm, where his devotees eternally
serve the Lord of their hearts, forever reunited with his beloved Sita.
Writer
Name: Ranchor Prime

















